INDIVIDUAL INTERNATIONAL INTERVIEW & PAPER Assignment

INDIVIDUAL INTERNATIONAL INTERVIEW & PAPER - Assignment Example It lies within the latitudes 24 and 37 degree north and longitude 62 and 75 degree east. The country consists of five provinces - Baluchistan, Punjab, Sind, Khyber Pakhtun Khwa and Gilgit/Baltistan - and its capital is named Islamabad. Pakistan has one of the richest and most diverse cultures in the world. It is because this land had seen a number of invaders in the past including Whites, Persians, Turks and Mongols who had spread their own culture across this land. For this very reason we get to see diversity in culture throughout Pakistan with different ethnic groups having their own preferences when it comes to food, dressing, lifestyle etc. Increased globalization has brought further diversity to the country with Western culture increasingly being adopted by the people (â€Å"Pakistan Culture†, 2009). Ali himself comes from a Westernized background with many of his friends educated abroad, who love hanging out at international food chains and who openly drink. This defies my research since I found that alcohol was banned in Pakistan. But then there are so many things that are banned in the US too but still people do them. Religion shapes many of the Pakistan’s customs. ... Employment forms in Pakistan range from menial labor to jobs at multinational companies. The minimum wage per month of a Pakistani is Rs.10,000 (USD 100) and that is why many families live below the poverty line. Entrepreneurship has seen a rise in recent times and many people have switched to self created jobs. Induction of multinationals have brought good fortune to locals and created highly paid jobs. But people like Ali have moved out of the country for better job opportunities and better lifestyles. Since Pakistan is a developing country, the road network is not that of an international standard and is absent in much part of the country. Public transportation through buses is the most common means of traveling, with the slightly stable families using motor bikes and the ones economically sound use petrol and gas driven cars. Pakistan also has a sound air that connects cities and countries. Though a railway network is also present, the experience is not worth trying, says Ali. In frastructure within Pakistan varies from city to city. From mud houses to high rises, one can find it all. The metropolitan city homes a number of high rises and is a safe abode for businesses and other activities. Recently a sky-scraper by the name of Centaurus and designed by a British architectural company was officially inaugurated in the capital city. These developments hold a brighter future for the country’s growth and economy. Pakistan is one of the two countries of the world, made on religious lines of Islam and that is what is practiced by the majority of citizens. Almost 98% of Pakistanis are Muslim while the remaining 2% are either Hindu, Christians or other minority groups. My research led me to believe that Pakistanis were taken by religion in every aspects of life but

Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interview - Essay Example All three of them were from different places. John was from Arizona while William was from Sydney and Martin from London. A number of topics such as their early life, school life, interests, hobbies, jobs, experiences etc were discussed with them. Their answers have changed my perception about the senior citizens. They are the role models for the younger generation. Early life A peep into the early life of these senior citizens was a refreshing experience. They always used to live together with the entire family which gives an excellent image of their lifestyle. Their parents had always thought them to value the relations. Young children along with their grandparents and parents made up for the perfect family. Stories of children playing together with each other, fighting for toys were a refreshing feeling. All the vacations to the farm, the celebrations, birthday parties with all the brothers and sisters are enough to prove the bonding which they had with each other. The best part o f their life has been the way their bonding has been carried out for years. They never miss out on any opportunity to meet on occasions. This bonding has been carried out over the years and has been passed on to their children as well. Interview with them also gave insights about their first home. Though they were not able to recollect all the information as to where their first house was, most of them said that their first home was somewhere near the valley. They played with their friends, brothers and sisters in the lawn which was a part of their first home. The most exciting part of their life was that most of them used to play with the cattle while they took them for grazing. I am a part of a generation which expects students to create advanced gadgets. But after knowing about the life of these senior citizens, I have realized that I have missed out something in life. John was born in the state of Arizona, during the Second World War. Though it was the time of war where thousand s of soldiers and sailors were sunk by the Japanese warplanes, their families always stayed together. They explained how their parents made sure that their children were not affected by the war and gave them all the values to be a good citizen. This picture of their family tells us the sense of bonding they had with each other. The love, bonding and care has been carried out over the years and something which everyone should learn from them. A lot was learnt about these senior citizens and their early life. It changed my thinking about the bonding between the brothers and sisters. My perception on them was that everyone during their growing up had forgotten each other and got along with life. They have proved my view on them wrong. Even after years, they have maintained the same love and bonding with each other. It is a lesson for most of us in the younger generation who are in the race to win and succeed. It has changed my perspective towards life. Everyone should grow like them. H appiness is not about just achieving ones personal goals; it is about being lovable towards the ones who care for you. Though they have not grown with the most advanced of technologies around, they have experienced the smallest of happiness in life. Living, sharing and creating happiness with their loved ones has enriched their life. It is the path which they have left for us and we

New and Improved Rewards at Work Research Paper - 2

New and Improved Rewards at Work - Research Paper Example The most important goal for an employment compensation strategy is to offer better rewards for right employee actions for success of the company. In order to make competitive compensation packages for employees, companies need to consider what their rivals are offering so that they do not end up running into losses by offering more than the equilibrium package in the industry or offering less than the minimum, because this will make it impossible for them to recruit and retain staff. Best packages are sometimes those that are preferred by employees while at the same time appear to be competitive in the particular industry. One advantage with compensation schemes is that they are able to underpin organizational culture, something that is highly desired by companies. The government governs every aspect of employee compensation within the public sector. In many instances, this leaves no room for innovative ideas towards formulation of important compensations schemes. Companies that are highly innovative in engaging their employees record high returns that are sometimes double those of rival companies which do not engage their employees adequately (Pollitt, 2081) The first way to creatively engage your skilful employees is by putting them in a position where they can have direct contact with consumers of their products. In many industries, employees design products and dispatch them for sale, yet they have no idea about the impact of the products on the lives of their end users (Grant, 2007; Grant, 2008). A good example is the automotive industry where automotive engineers design cars of all kinds worldwide but they never gets the chance to have direct feedback from drivers of the cars, authors as well compose many pieces of literature to millions of faceless readers but never meets them for feedback. Meeting end users as a product developer has been known to enhance prosocial motivation as well

Meaning of Working Capital Essay Example for Free

Meaning of Working Capital Essay Working capital refers to the part of total capital which is required for day to day working of the business. The funds are required by the business for conducting its regular operations such as purchase of raw materials of finished goods, payment of wages manufacturing expenses, office and administrative expenses, selling distribution expenses. The funds necessary for making such regular payments of business is called Working Capital therefore have been defined as â€Å"the amount of funds necessary to cover cost of operating the enterprise. † The working capital of a business enterprise is measured on the basis of its funds locked up in various current assets such as inventors, accounts receivables and cash bank balance. 2.2 Definition of Working Capital– Various authorities have difined working capital in following manner. (1)â€Å"Working Capital is the amount of funds necessary to cover the cost of operating the buisness enterprise.â€Å"(Shuibn) (2)â€Å"Working Capital is the difference between the book value of the current assets.and the current liablities.â€Å"(Hoagland) 2.3 Circulating Capital– â€Å"Circulating capital means current assets of accompany that are changed in the ordinary course of business from into another, as for example from cash to inventories, inventories to receivables and receivables into cash.† Cash Raw Receivables Materials Finished goods Work-in-progress 2.4. Classification of Working Capital 1. Gross Working Capital5. Variable Working Capital 2. Net Working Capital 6. Balance Sheet Working Capital 3. Negative Working Capital 7. Cash Working Capital 4. Permanent Working Capital 2.5. Sources of Working Capital- The following are the some important of the sources of working capital.

Consultant Report For London Taxis International Limited

Consultant Report For London Taxis International Limited This report is being produced to investigate whether a move towards electric vehicles will be beneficial to London Taxi International limited. This report has focused on PESTEL analysis, Political, Environmental, Social, Technological, Economical and Legal regions using SWOT (Strengths, weaknesses, Opportunities and threats) methods to analyse each of these regions. The political aspects to focus upon on making a change to electric vehicles are the implantations of the laws that benefit electric vehicles. One of the main regions these taxis operate around is London and the main disadvantage of driving in London is congestion charge the government has implemented a law that states that for electric vehicles congestion charges are to be scrapped. Generally per vehicle congestion charges implemented by transport of London is  £10 for the day and from the London Black cabs figures there is an assumption of 17000 licensed cabs on the road. Therefore within a year this company will be saving approximately in the region of thousands of pounds and making a profit on the electric vehicles they produce and sell as they are more attractive to purchasers. Continuing with the money this change would account for savings as an electric vehicle is immune from paying road tax because its emissions are below 100g/km under the new lows, this is one of the ways t o promote electric cars to more people, and in addition to that the electric vehicle is immune from the raising taxes put on petrol. The reason for rising the issue of Carbon emissions is due to new laws that are due to come into effect. The car currently being produced by London Taxi International limited would become obsolete as the TX4 is producing CO2 emissions of 233g/km. Therefore even if the switch to electric is not made a new car concept that produces less pollution will have to be considered. Finally as the government are constantly introducing new schemes to promote the electric vehicle they have offered grants for purchasing electric cars. The latest innovative idea by the government is to offer  £5000 towards the price of the electric vehicle. Therefore if we are producing electric vehicles consumers are more likely to purchase the electric vehicle over the existing model as along with the road tax, free parking and other schemes the government are offering will be saving a great deal more money in both the short and long term. Referring back to the SWOT method with the political aspects however laws in other countries consider electric vehicles as a hazard due to the fact they create no artificial noise. These countries have implemented a law that says all vehicles must make some noise for safety reasons. This makes cause a problem when approaching these companies with our new electric design. Considering threats to the political aspects of this report times are changing. Therefore at the moment the government are happy to promote electric vehicles in a positive light. However once the switch over happens, the reaction to electric vehicles may change as there may be an advancement that could show them to be hazardous. One of the biggest issues in the motoring these days is the environment which is being destroyed day by day. One of the main reasons for this destruction is co2 which as we know comes mainly from the use of fossil fuel in motor vehicles. There are new legislations concerning co2 emissions from vehicles and the European commission has issued emission standard known as euro 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and the Mayor of London has introduced a taxi emission strategy that requires all London taxis to meet at least euro 3. There is no debate on how electric vehicles help the economy and save money; but electric cars dont just protect your wallet. They also stop oil companies from drilling offshore or in environmentally protected areas. Offshore drilling is very hazards to the environment for example the Gulf of Mexico spill , and spills from ships such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska, and the Torrey Canyon in the UK have illustrated the harm oil spills can cause to ocean-based ecosystems. Most people may not understand exactly how these alternative vehicles contribute to save the planet. One of the main problems to the environment is produced by using vehicles that depend mainly on fossil fuel. Not only that, there are other hazards materials that can harm the environment, like the batteries of the vehicle which after its been used fully it bosses a high risk to the environment and it has to be disposed of properly. LTI has been trying to reduce the use of hazardous substances to levels lower than those demanded by new European Legislation and the recyclability targets which came into force in 2006 are comfortably met. A number of components in LTI vehicles are already produced from recycled material and LTIs policy of promoting increased use of these materials will ensure the impact of their vehicles on the environment will be reduced. Also LTI has been thinking of a way to dispose of the hazards materials by using modern disposal facilitates that will do this in an environmentally friendly manner. LTI Vehicles has partnered with Auto green Ltd. Auto green, will take charge of disposing off disused LTI vehicles, and they will provide a contracted network of take back and Authorised Treatment Facilities (ATFs) throughout the United Kingdom. This process ensures that re-use, recovery and recycling targets are met. The economic factors include consideration of economic growth for the company, interest rates affecting cost of capital, exchange rates of exporting goods and finally inflation rates. All these factors affect how the company will operate and what decisions it will make. As we propose to the London Taxi Company a new electric engine concept for their taxis, we have to bear in mind what effects this will have on the company economically if they decide to go ahead with our idea. The advantages of our idea include that there is a small but stable market for the electric engine concept so large sale or purchases of supplies wont cause major changes; also the product is attractive to the company as it will cut down their running costs and hopefully increase profits. London Taxi Company has relationships with partners all over the world international relations. This is an advantage to the taxi company as the production rate of taxis will remain high as they supply electric taxis across the world to countries such as Egypt, Ghana, Kosovo and Lebanon. The company also has a number of European partners with plans to introduce the iconic London taxi to Rome, Milan and Istanbul. These all increase the companys economic growth. As London Taxi Limited already has international relations, they would need to keep ahead of their competition. If this is done, they would appeal more to customers for their greener vehicles and because the electric cars costs less to run. The taxi firms would also want the electric cars as they cost less to run than petrol vehicles. This means London Taxi Limited would sell even more electric taxis and therefore boost their capital and profit levels. Also when new laws on green house gases and co2 emission are introduced in the different countries, (such as America, South East Asia and Australasia) London Taxi Limited will appeal more to the taxi firms. This will give them a new business opportunity, especially if they have electric taxis that are known to be reliable. So London Taxi Limited would be the first choice for taxi production from taxi firms. The disadvantages with this proposition consist of costs of research and development, funding during conversion of petrol to electric engines and exchange rates affecting the cost of importing goods and the supply of exported goods to the international and European cities. As a result inflation rates could have either beneficial or detrimental effects in the long term. As the market for electric cars is fairly young, research and development into new and more efficient ideas is still being done which the London Taxi Company would be interested in doing to improve their electric engines generally. Concerning the conversion to electric for the whole production line, complete factories would need to be adapted to suit the installation of electric engines into the taxi cars. This process would be quite costly and might require borrowing of money to fund it. As exchange rates are fluctuating all the time, importing and exporting costs might have an effect on the business. The inflation ra tes depend on the country that is involved in business with London Taxi Company where, at the moment, inflation rates are highest in Ghana at 15 25 %. In short term, the process might be quite costly, yet if we look at the long run, these costs will only pay off eventually due to no fuel or running costs. The social aspect upon making this decision to change to electric is extremely important as the image is what will encourage both the public and consumers to change to or use electric vehicles. One of the main reasons LTI should convert their cabs to electric power is because although they do have a world renown image, that image is of a loud, expensive, heavily polluting vehicle. Converting their vehicles to electric power will hugely improve this image, reduce running costs and make them much quieter for running in tight residential areas, making taxi companies more likely to buy the taxis. For most emerging electric cars, such as the Nissan Leaf, the government provides subsidies to consumers who want to buy the electric car. If LTI are quick to enter the market, then this government subsidy may be offered to consumers wanting to buy the new LTI electric car. This would be hugely beneficial because taxi companies looking to buy taxis would see this and hopefully take action to get the reduced price while they can. The larger the city, the more pollution occurs due to more vehicles and industries emitting co2. If the taxis that run in the cities were powered by batteries, then a large chunk of these pollutants will be diminished, as well as setting the standard for the rest of public transport. Other companies will be demanding LTI to provide them with the cleaner taxis if they are the first to enter this niche market, which gives an excellent foothold for LTI to establish them in this growing industry. Also, if LTI have battery powered cabs, then they may attract the attention of environmental enthusiasts that would otherwise prefer to use other modes of transport, such as cycling or walking, thus creating a much larger customer base and hence higher revenue. Most people wanting a taxi in London will always choose black cabs over any other taxi model as London is largely associated with Black cabs; because black cabs an are large brand image of London. Therefore consumers will have a bigger market of not only tourists but environmentally friendly people may convert to using their service and therefore will increase LTIs production demand. However, the number of cities you see LTIs black cabs in isnt great. It tends to only be larger cities that have them so only a small percentage of people will get to use them on a regular basis. Smaller cities and towns will miss out, unless of course, LTI expand to more cities, which will be easily done with the reduced running costs of converting to battery power. A problem arises also when considering the current state of the economy. People and firms dont have enough money spare to take huge risks. Converting from combustion to battery is a large risk because so little is known about the market due to it being relatively new. Reliability and range are the main concerns, but also costs of a vehicle are breaking down are unknown. This uncertainty may be enough to deter consumers and result in a major loss to LTI. We looked at the technology side of using London Taxi International Limited within the electric car market. The first main point is that this is an innovative idea. It hasnt been done before and therefore will mean the company would get the upper hand over their competition as well as a new image as being a cleaner and greener company from their customers. This is because the electric cars wont be producing as much of their green house gases. Times are changing and electric cars are becoming better and more useful. So its a matter of time before the black cabs need to change. This will get the business a head start into it and get ahead of their competition. If the London Taxi Company accepted our proposal, the first step would be to possibly look into borrowing some money to kick off the process of buying new engine parts and installing them to the taxis (having trained up factory staff to a suitable level to carry this out) this would then involve interest rates which would be predetermined. Then make contact with suppliers for electric engine parts such as batteries and organise prices for shipping and handling. The third task would then be to change the taxi car production line and make all the brand new taxis electric with batteries. The TX4 has already proven to be a reliable vehicle that has a high level of performance with few problems. Therefore a whole new concept design will not need to be considered to change to electric and we are able to keep the main body of the car and only change the drive chain. The design of the TX4 is already owned by LTI and therefore there is no cost associated with keeping this design. As the TX4s shape and parts will still be produced and only the engine will be changed, the machinery that is already producing that car can still function as usual and therefore a massive change will not be needed and money will be saved. It is essential for LTI to create relations with companies that produce electric motors and are researching into the length of the battery life. This is important as the battery makes up a significant proportion of the cost of the car and will change the retailing price in which it is sold at. It wouldnt be sensible for LTI to develop a battery itself as they dont have the resources and experience in this field and as a small company could not invest the necessary capital. Batteries are hazardous and this will introduce new health and safety regulations in the factory which will incur the costs of retraining. The main disadvantages that could affect consumers wanting to purchase into electric taxis is the battery life. As electric vehicles are becoming more common technology is increasing to help sustain these electric vehicles batteries. London are considering introducing new underground charging stations that while parked at lights will charge the battery to help sustain its life. As this technological advancement is being placed around London it enables LTI to promote the electric vehicle without being worried about the length of the battery life. Also stations where you just drive up to change the electric battery, which is robotically manned, are being used by America currently. So as interest increases for electric vehicles in the UK this idea will possible be introduced into the UK giving more cause for electric cars. For private use electric cars are at a disadvantage because of their short range. This is why the electric car market is growing slowly. This is not an issue when the vehicle is being used as a taxi because taxis are almost never used for journeys longer than 10 miles. In the end its the companies wish whether to take an order of a bigger distance or not. Therefore the slow affecting market for cars to change to electric will not have the same disadvantages as taxis changing to electric. Research has shown that there wont be any technological issues when putting the new drive chain (electric motor) into the current taxi models. LTI has introduced a new hydrogen and electric hybrid vehicle to support the 2012 Olympics. The car keeps the ionic shape the London black cab but uses a combination of a fuel cell, powered by a tank of hydrogen, and lithium polymer batteries. This reduces LTIs worry that the TX4s shell would not be able to support an electric motor change. The electric motor has less power than normal petrol/diesel motors. However this should not affect sales as the car will be brought by private companies rather than individuals who would be concerned with performance. There are legal implications that LTI should consider when changing to electric motors. An electric car requires a special fast charging station in order to charge it fully in a matter of hours rather than days. These would require planning permission to be installed on a companys property or if a taxi company lease the property they would need permission of the owner. There could be some safety concerns associated with such a high voltage supply which could provoke the government into bringing in new legislations regarding these charging stations Another factor to consider when thinking about legal implications is such as problems with brake lights; one of the benefits of the electric car is that it uses the cars momentum when free-wheeling to recharge the battery. However a drawback of this is that the cars slow down a lot quicker in comparison to a regular free-wheeling car. Hence there is currently debate with regard to whether the brake lights should be on at such a time. The decisions of such laws should not affect the possibilities to use electric cars for London Taxis.

The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity Essay -- essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christianity is becoming extinct. In order for it to continue on it must modernize its beliefs. The average Christian is white, middle class and is from Europe or America. The religion of Islam is expanding quickly and will soon dominate Christianity. These are all common claims made about Christianity that many people believe, yet Philip Jenkins claims and proves them untrue in his book, The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity. According to his book, Christianity is moving out of the global north and into the global south. In fact, Christianity is growing rapidly in countries such as Africa, Asia, and Latin America. He also writes about how Africa and Brazil will, within the next fifty years, replace Europe as the center of Christianity. Both of these countries have been heavily missionized within that past hundred years, and the number of Christians in each has raised millions. The expansion growth in these countries is due primarily to their high reproduction rates and their hunger for the Christian beliefs that the missionaries brought with them. Jenkins says in this book that the missionaries faced no problems trying to explain about a higher deity or other â€Å"bafflingly alien world views† to the Africans, because it followed closely with many of their own tribal beliefs. Many of the tribes worshiped one higher power already and also found that many of the Christian beliefs fell in sync with t heir own heritage and customs. They did though, encounter one problem: the beliefs fell so in sync with their tribal traditions, that eventually the African culture started to incorporate their customs such as exorcism, dream visions, prophesy, healing, and mysticism into their Christian churches, creating an entire sub group of Christianity. These sub groups are closely related to the more Pentecostal churches, but are far from the ritualistic practices of the Anglicans and Catholics that primarily missionized them. Pentecostal churches, because of the resurgence in countries such as Africa and Brazil will soon be the dominant Christian sects. They strongly emphasize views about personal relationships with God, biblical literism, speaking in tongues, visions and prophesy just as the African churches do. The Pentecostal church tends to mainly attract the poor or lower class of society, which also happens to be what Bra... ...nto the thought that religious wars may occur, be he completely left out the ideas that the Islamic nation, being known for terrorism and other such acts of violence, could potentially eliminate Christianity from any form of mainstream. This is a serious topic to think about considering what they have done to other religions, and to Christian sects residing in the Middle East. I think Jenkins should have presented this as more of an issue and an actual threat then claiming that it might cause slight conflict. The book unquestionably had some strengths and some weaknesses. I believe the information that Jenkins provided was extremely well established and proven. This is exactly the type of information that people need to know, because the truth is being denied. I think for the book to be effective, it needs to be laid out better. I wouldn’t recommend this book to anyone besides a theological scholar due to the manner that it flows, even though it has very good reviews and is on best seller lists for Christian books. I commend Jenkins for going against the flow and writing against the average beliefs, but admonish him for writing the information in such an incomprehensible manner.

Explain how the narrow rule stated in Donoghue v Stevenson has been developed Essay

Under the ‘narrow rule’ established in Donoghue v Stevenson[1] ‘a manufacturer of products, which he sells in such a form as to show that he intends them to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him with no reasonable possibility of intermediate examination, and with knowledge that the absence of reasonable care in the preparation or putting up of products will result in an injury to the consumer’s life or property, owes a duty to the consumer to take that reasonable care’[2]. Firstly, from Donoghue liability has been extended in order to cover individuals who supply or repair products, the erectors of tombstones[3], electrical equipment installers[4], constructing staff buildings[5] etc. Also, understanding of ‘consumer’ has been widely developed to include users of particular article[6], anyone who might be in a direct contact with the article[7] or people in the neighbourhood of the good in question[8]. Donoghue, case that product liability in Scotland begins with, states that responsibility for defective products rests on the manufacturer on the condition that there is no possibility of intermediate examination of the product[9]. New approach declares that ‘possibility’ should be replaced with ‘probability’[10]. Case Bates v Batey[11] extends product liability law illustrating failure to provide flawless design of the product. Ginger beer busted in consumers hands. Manufacturer was held liable along with shopkeeper who could have exercised reasonable care by simply testing the product. Situation similar to Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co where a bottle with drink fell apart in pursuer’s hands. However, simple existence of a chance to examine product is not enough to be held discharged from duty[12]. More important issue within this subject is whether manufacturer gave the consumer a warning so that some extend of danger can be reasonably expected.[13] What is more, in situation when examination has not been performed successfully, defender will still be held liable for the defect on basis of Voli v Inglewood Shire Council[14] where architect of building which happened to collapse, was find guilty of negligence despite of public authority’s inspection that failed to detect the flaw. Bunchan v Ortho Pharmaceutical[15] presents a failure to warn about the possibility of danger relating to the product. Situation was deteriorated by the lack of appropriate guidance concerning usage which was caused by inadequate label placed on the container. To solve this problem, when dealing with demanding products, manufacturer is under a duty to inform the consumer about risk connected with the good in question using a leaflet or a labels[16]. It applies for all situations where the product needs to be used in correct way[17]. A matter of appropriate notice is a question of fact and degree of the danger the article brings. If an adequate warning is being provided with potentially dangerous product there in no liability reasting on producer as it constitutes novous actus interveniens that erases chain of causation.[18] If product is found to be faulty after being put out into the market, the producer is deemed to issue information with a warning and recall the product if it is indispensable[19]. However, when danger is obvious and reasonable to expect for an ordinary person, there is no duty of care[20]. Approach is presented in Liebeck v. McDonald’s Restaurants[21] where a disposable cup with hot liquid covered with a lid is not defective itself due to the general knowledge. It states: if a cup strucks hard surface it may result in an injury. Standard of safety is defined by what the society in general is entitled to expect in comparison to what they actually expect. Another interesting case concerning general knowledge has been brought against McDonalds Restaurant in Pelman v. McDonald’s Corp[22]. Pursuer alleged food produced by McDonald’s restaurants responsible for making people obese. Case has been dismissed. Year 1936 brought a significant extension to the ‘narrow rule’. By the time of Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd[23] case, where problems with proving defects in product’s design arose[24], it was often problematic to prove that the defender was negligent in common law. Basis of the problem was lack of witness who could speak to the design flaws. Lord Wright adopted the rule of evidence called res ipsa loguitur[25]. In accordance to prior, events along with consistent facts justification are in competence to establish a breach[26]. Case Daniels v R White[27]contradicts Grant’s res ipsa loguitor approach stating that it is possible for a manufacturer to prove that process of manufacturing has been performed with the best possible quality and is the best in trade so that no liability can be recognized. A product design flaw is a random problem causing tragedies all around the world. Thalidomide was a German drug emitted in 1957 that caused over 10,000 human birth deformities attacking nervous system of its victims. Thalidomide was being prescribed to pregnant women as a sedative and to alleviate morning sickness drug. The principle of self-monitoring applied. There was no legislation in the Federal Republic of Germany that would require actual investigation and test concerning new medicines. In consequence, drugs did not have to be tested for their destructive tendency. There was no legal authority to support the claim along with problems to establishing link between deformities and medicine. Carrol v Fearon[28] shares the same issue as Thalidomide case. Onus lies on the pursuer to bring evidence of a breach of duty and prove that the manufacturer has been negligent. If action fails at this point there can be no further proceedings. Even when defect has been established it is a matter for a judge to decide whether on the balance of probabilities it was due to manufacturer’s neglect. When deciding whether product is defective or not, character of potential injury is taken into account. Relevant measures are deemed to be taken in circumstances when product may determine imminence to sensitive parts of the body[29]. Strict liability regime for products has been imposed in 1987 with Consumer Protection Act. Act clearly defines the product as well as who is the consumer. It places liability on producers of the product; own branders and importers, in cases where any damage occurred due to product’s defect[30]. Act covers damages, loss or injuries that exceed the sum of  £275. Damage does not include loss or damage to product itself nor to any other product supplied with the product. Economic loss is consequently excluded. Worley v Tambrands Ltd[31] established objective test used to justify whether the product has a defect or not. It is required that the pursuer brings evidence of product’s defect on the balance of probabilities[32]. Feldman v Elderly Laboratories[33] illustrates the importance of product’s safety over the logic of producer’s conducts. Again, there is no need to prove defenders fault. However is it required to show that the injury, damage or loss was a consequent of the defect in question[34]. A v National Blood Authority[35] illustrates how scientific and technical knowledge at relevant time can justify defect. ‘State of art’ or ‘development of risk’ defence is believed to be the most controversial issue under the act. Usage requirements demand including all data in the information circuit of the scientific community as entirety taking under consideration actual possibilities for the information circulates. In this case the producer was aware that some blood samples might be infected but at that time there was no possibility of precaution to take. In the end court held that blood was defective and users did not know the risk they were taking and lack of care they were entitled to receive with free from infections blood transfer. When users are aware of the defect product can’t be held defective anymore for example usage of condoms is not believed to be hundred percent effective.[36] Another defence brought by the Act accounts to contributory negligence. It concerns products that are components or raw materials in an intricate product. Additionally defend requires defect to be entirely attributable to the design of the product in question. It is well know that in practise, where statutory regime is not applicable, common law liability remains. Action in circumstances where problems with identifying responsible person arisen can be simply dismissed.[37] Another issue related with subject is being brought by Veedfald v Arhus Amtskommune[38] case where part of Consumer Protection Act has been adopted stating that a supplier is not strictly liable when a defective article was not provided in the course of business. In this case medical service has been funded from public funds nevertheless for economic purpose. In order to held strict liability damage must be a consequence ‘wholly or partially ‘by the product’s defect[39]. Defectiveness of the product is defined by the Act as ‘if the safety of the product is not such as persons are entitled to expect’[40]. Issue is tested by the standards of hypothetical reasonable man in the same position as manufacturer. In Abouzaid v Mothercare[41]the pursuer lost ability to see when the pushchair strap recoiled. Court held that test of defectiveness depend mostly on society expectations[42]. In the end, Act has been a usage for pursuers with small claim mainly relating to food. Product liability can be used for extending the scope of cases appropriate for litigation and settlement. This branch of law may serve society as an opportunity for legal education and acknowledgement relating to their rights and duties. This nature expand is likely to contribute much to the evolution of tort in the long distance perspective. As it can be seen, product liability law is growing in strength with every new precedent establishing new principles when new issue occurs. Another method that is being used in Scotland is simply adopting models from different countries and learning on their mistakes. System has grown for the as 80 years since Donoghue v Stevenson and proceeds in action. [1] 1932 AC 562 [2] 1932 AC 562 per Lord Atkin (at 599) [3] Brown v Cotterill 1934 51 TLR 21 KBD [4] Eccles v Cross and McIlwham 1939 S.C. 1 [5] Anns v Merton 1978 AC 728, [1977] 2 All ER 492 HL [6] Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd1936 AC 85 [7] Barnett v H and J Packer & Co Ltd [1940] 3 All ER 575 KBD [8] Winterbottom v Wright 1842 10 M. & W. 109 [9] Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 24 Cal.2d 453, 150 P.2d 436 (1944) [10] Haseldine v C A Daw 1941 2 KB 343 [11] 1913 3 KB 351 [12] Paine v Colne Valley Electricity Co 1938 3 All ER 803 [13] Griffiths v Arch Engeering Co Ltd 1968 3 All ER 217 [14] 1963 119 CLR 74 [15] (Canada) Ltd 1986 25 DCR (4th ed.) 658. [16] Lewis v University of Bristol 1999 EWCA cw 1569 [17] Vacwell Engineering Co Ltd v BDH Chemicals Ltd 1971, 1 QB 88 at 109 [18] Kubach v Hollands 1937 3 All ER 907, KB [19] Hobbs (Farms) Ltd v Baxendale Chemicals Ltd 1992 lloyds Rep 54. [20] McTear v Imperial Tobacco Ltd 2005 CSOH 69 [21] 1995 WL 360309 [22] 237 F.Supp.2d 512 (S.D.N.Y. Jan 22, 2003) [23] ibid [24] Hindustan SS Co v Siement Bros and Co Ltd [25] the thing speak for itself [26] Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co ibid [27] 1938 4 All ER 258 [28] 1998 PIQR P416, CA [29] Abouzaid v Mothercare Ltd 2001 2000 WL 1918530 [30] S2(1) of the Act [31] 2000 PIQR 95 [32] Foster v Biosil 2001 59 B.M.L.R. 178 [33] 479 A. 2d374 [34] Richardson v LRC Products Ltd 2000 59 BM LR 185 [35] 2001 3 All ER 289 [36] Wyeth v. Levine, 555 U.S. (2009), [37] Evans v Triplex Safety Glass Co Ltd 1936 1 All ER 283; Summers v. Tice 33 Cal.2d 80, 199 P.2d 1 [38] 2003 1 CMLR 41 [39] Foster v Biosil ibid; MacPherson v. Buick 217 N.Y. 382, 111 N.E. 1050 (1916) [40] CPA 1987,s 3 (1) [41] (Uk) Ltd 2001 TLR 136 [42] A v National Blood Authority ibid